Video Review Control Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Video Review Control Room - Essay Example It clearly narrates the motives behind that information gathering and the way the reporters of the news agency strived to present it. The documentary also presents the motives that the US army had created behind the attack that they planned on Iraq. CHANGE OF PERCEPTION ON THE WAR ON IRAQ. The documentary highlighted quite a few points that I, as general public was unaware of earlier. It may also have owed to the propaganda by the US dominated news agencies that the side of the story narrated by the video under discussion was earlier not known to the masses. The only way a person from the general public would look at the war was just what was imposed upon them by the American Media. The video shows that the American media created a hype before the invasion. The military used its nation’s media to tell the general public that Saddam Hussain was a threatening figure. The video narrated that revenge was induced in the American public by increasing the level of danger sometimes fr om yellow to Orange and then to danger level. These terminologies convinced the general public of the USA that what their president was authorizing was just the very right thing to be done at the moment. Thus, the overall scene before the initiation of war was that the American public got threatened from the existence of Saddam Hussain. He was portrayed as being capable of possessing and operating weapons of mass destruction that was a threat to the United States of America and to the entire world on the whole. It was even propagated that Saddam could give those weapons of mass destruction to Osama bin Laden or to anyone else. Instead of letting the American public realize what war actually meant and what was the exact meaning of attacking a Sovereign nation the propaganda overshadowed their realization. This video, on the other hand told the other side of the story. It told clearly that the Americans formulated information in a manner that it would go in their favor. As quoted by a n Al-Jazeera spokesman, â€Å"We want to show that every war has a human cost. We are Arabs like them. We are Muslims like them we are with the common Iraqi man. We care for them.† (Control room, 2008) The point of view about the Iraq-US war has changed in the perspective that thousands of innocent people including women and children both. Thousands of people lost their homes. Numerous innocent of civilian families died. All this was done at the cost of enforcing democracy and that too, for the public that was being devoid of their very basic right of shelter and food. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE VIDEO. The weaknesses of the video are the weaknesses of the organization itself. The organization was an Arab based organization Owing to that they had an emotional attachment with the Iraqi nation as a whole. Though not biased in favor of the Saddam regime the reporters and other team members of Al-Jazeera had their hearts connected to the civilian public that were under the Am erican oppression. Thus they can be termed as being biased in favor of the Iraqi common man. As quoted in the earlier part of the document a spokesman of the Al-Jazeera network quoted that since he was born in Iraqi and grew up in Iraq he had his heart with the Iraqis and recognized well what they talked like and how they felt. In line of the American military and government however, the weaknesses of the organization were that they weren’

Human Nature vs Personal Gain Essay Example for Free

Human Nature vs Personal Gain Essay Growing, learning and becoming the best we can be are all positive steps that evolve from life experience. It is human nature that wants to succeed and contribute to society in productive ways. In the play The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, individuals display an ugly side of human nature and are motivated by less than noble goals. Throughout the story, justice is often replaced by the desire for personal gain. Perhaps the three best reasons are greed, selfishness and betrayal. Greed is a motivating factor among many individuals in the play. At many times, John Proctor talks with Hale about Parris’s need to become rich, by gathering valuable golden candlesticks. He says, â€Å"He preach nothin’ but golden candlesticks, until he had them†¦ I think, sometimes, the man dreams cathedrals, not clapboard meetin’ houses† (Miller 65). Proctor says this to Parries to illustrate Parris’s materialistic nature and thirst for power, land and material possessions. Like Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam is also greedy. Thomas uses his daughter to falsely accuse George Jacob of witchcraft. The accusation leads to the arrest and conviction of George Jacob by Judge Danforth. Giles Corey’s explains to Danforth that Mr. Putnam is dishonest and says â€Å"If Jacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property- that’s law! This man is killing his neighbors for their land† (Miller 96). Thomas Putnam uses these falsifying witchcraft trails to increase his own wealth by accusing people of dealing in witchcraft, getting them convicted and then taking advantage of the situation by buying up their property. Characters like Parris and Putnam are so obsessed with greed that they do not have a conscience. Just as the evils of greed occupy Parris and Putnam, Abigail Williams is motivated by selfishness. She is vengeful, manipulative and a magnificent liar; for example, she goes into the forest at night and practises witchcraft with the other girls form the village. However, when Abigail is confronted about her disgusting behaviour, she chooses to keep  her well respected reputation intact. Abigail denies that she was in the forest dancing that night, threatens the girls and says, â€Å"Now look you. All of you. We danced†¦ Let either of you breathe a word†¦ I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you† (Miller 20). She does this to also avoid being arrested. Not only does Abigail lie about witchcraft, she also stuffs the needle in the doll that Mary Warren made for Elizabeth. Cheever explains, â€Å"The girl, the Williams girl, Abigail Williams, sir. She sat to dinner in Reverend Parris’s house tonight†¦ she falls to the floor he goes to save her, and, stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out. And demandin’ of her how she come to be stabbed† (Miller 74). Abigail uses this situation to accuse Elizabeth of practising witchcraft to harm her Abigail. She does this to sabotage Elizabeth and, eventually, take her place as John Proctor’s wife. Abigail’s callousness with Elizabeth shows that her selfishness has no bounds or morals. If greed and selfish are not bad enough human characteristics, betrayal is perhaps the most cunning and provides the most false sense of security. Mary Warren accuses John Proctor of consorting with the devil and pressuring her to join him in his evil ways, which is not true. As Mary yells in anger, she says pointing at Proctor, â€Å"You’re the Devil’s man!† (Miller 118). She continues on to say â€Å"I’ll not hang with you! I love God, I love God† (118). Mary Warren’s loyalty to John Proctor is betrayed under pressure to save her own life rather than be hanged. Abigail betrays Tituba so that she does not get question by Reverend Hale. What Abigail says to Hale and Parris when she falsely accuses Tituba is â€Å"She sends her spirit on me in church; she makes me laugh at prayer!† (Miller 44). Abigail does not want to confess her practise of witchcraft in the forest with her girls at night. While in the play there is no shortage of characters willing to do the wrong thing in life, choosing to do the right thing is always the preferred path in life. Having to replace any form of righteousness (justice) with greed, selfishness or betrayal does not justify our actions or means for the end result. Each one of the characters in the crucible mention in the above paragraph have all demonstrated that some form of human nature for self rewardance was place before justice/righteousness. There are always consequences when the truth is not told. Whenever we use these actions in our character they always lead us away in the opposite  direction from our true and honest goals. Righteousness in the heart produces beauty in the character. Works Cited Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York: Penguin Books, 1976. Print

The Revolution of 1848 and Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto Essay

The Revolution of 1848 and Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto There were two major things that happened in Europe in 1848. One of those things was the Revolution of 1848. The other was the publication of the Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx. The Revolution of 1848, and the Communist Manifesto tie into each other very well. The Revolution was calling for a change in society, and so was Marx through the writing of his Manifesto. The revolution was a foundation for changes to take place in Europe. Due to the Revolution, socialism and communism began to rise. The Revolution of 1848 affected much of Europe. Almost all of the countries in Europe with the exception of England and Russia were involved in the Revolution. The Revolution shook the countries in which a bourgeois elite led the opposition against reactionary governments. Russia was not involved for the fact that they did not have any bourgeois, and England was not involved because after the electoral reform of 1832, the English bourgeois was no longer in opposition. In 1848, France was in turmoil. There was high unemployment in France at that time. Workers went to barricades in the streets. Upheaval broke out all over the country. Men went to barricades and forced the king into exile. It was very hard for many of the people to make any money in France at that time. The money for factory workers was quite scarce. Factory workers barely made enough money to survive on. In 1848, a woman’s newspaper came out that was called the Voice of Women (voix de femmes). The women of France were the authors of this newspaper. These women called for freedoms of their own. Women wanted the ability to vote, and they wanted m... ...lassicnote.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/communist/shortsumm.html 3) Industrialization http://http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/ind&rev.html 4) Class Website http://http://homepages.udayton.edu/~santamar/ 5) E-mail me your thoughts http://stevenpc@notes.udayton.edu Biography 1) Bernstein, Eduard. Fredrick Engels: The Principles of Communism, October-November 1847, (19 October 2001). 2) Franz Mehring, Karl Marx: The story of his life, (Great Britain: Butler and Tanner, 1951). 3) Kessler, Gary E. Voices of Wisdom: A Multicultural Philosophy Reader, (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1998), 529. 4) Manifesto of the Communist Party. History and Religious Studies. 5) Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. New York: Mcgraw Hill. 2001.

ISP †Child’s Play Essay

In life, everyone has experiences which cause them to lose sight of who they truly are. In these situations one will face challenges and discover their darkest desires and deepest temptations. In Alice Munro’s short story Child’s Play, the conflict between Verna, Marlene and Charlene is portrayed through Munro’s use of literary devices which ultimately reveals the loss of innocence experienced by the characters. This is evident in Marlene and Charlene’s life as the use of imagery exploits the drastic transformation they experience. Similarly, foreshadowing techniques display the inner turmoil the protagonists are facing. Lastly, situational irony is used to show the characters final transition from the innocent people they were to the guilty people they have become. The narrator uses imagery to give insight on Marlene and Charlene’s characters, revealing their loss of innocence. As Marlene grows up, she begins to recognize the harsh realities of the world around her. The change is evident when she describes these changes from her own perspective, â€Å"Every year when you’re a child, you become a different person. Generally it’s in the fall when you re-enter school, take your place in a higher grade, and leave behind the muddle of summer vacation. That’s when you register the change most on† (Munro 1). The use of imagery in this situation clearly shows how change is a crucial part of life and that it is unescapable. As one grows up, childhood fantasies begin to fade as darkness consumes the innocence of the world. Through continuous use of imagery, Munro describes the deterioration of the conflicted mental states of the protagonists. This struggle between right and wrong is seen when Marlene and Charlene decide to drown Verna. â€Å"Verna’s head did not break from the surface†¦ she was turning in a leisurely way, light as a jellyfish in the water. Charlene and I had our hands on her, on her rubber cap† (Munro 12). The actions of the protagonists show the battle they are facing inside. This conflict tempts them to act on their hate and disgust towards Verna, demonstrated on their struggle to decide whether to drown her or not. This struggle clouds their judgement and eventually leads them to surrender to temptations, sequentially shedding them of their innocence. As Masters Student Elisa Vancoppernolle suggests, â€Å"Verna has done nothing to enrage the narrator but  acts somewhat strangely†¦children are monstrously conventional, repelled at once by whatever is off center, out of whack, unmanageable† (Vancoppernolle, 47-48). Vancoppernolle uses this truth of difference to explain how the characters actions were committed out of pure hatred. Lastly, Munro uses imagery to display how Marlene and Charlene succumb to their cruel intentions, transforming themselves into new people. This transformation is seen through the following narration: â€Å"Our eyes did not meet as the head of Verna tried to rise above the surface†¦ like a dumpling in a stew†¦ Charlene’s eyes were wide and gleeful as I suppose mine were too. I don’t think we felt wicked, triumphing in our wickedness† (Munro 12). This imagery shows the cruelty demonstrated by Marlene and Charlene as a product of their transformation from innocent children to violent murderers. Both characters act as if they are not ashamed of what they have done, but rather proud. The use of imagery in Child’s Play, clearly demonstrates how the characters begin to lose their purity. Oftentimes, the situations one encounters is influenced by their environmental conditions they are exposed to. This becomes visible in the characters Marlene and Charlene as shown through the use of foreshadowing. Munro uses foreshadowing to express an atmosphere of tension and frailty on the day Verna and the other specials arrive at camp. Marlene describes the tense surroundings by saying, â€Å"We were living in a stage set to be dismantled and with it all the friendships, enemies, rivalries that had flourished† (Munro 6). This use of foreshadowing reflects how the camp is about to fall apart. It exposes the link between the fragility of the characters and the atmosphere. In addition, the transition of the weather from sunny to stormy represents the events that are about to unfold, symbolizing their inner rage and aggression. This change in the environment is depicted through the narration: â€Å"The clouds darkened†¦. In the air there was what some people called the smell of the storm. † (Munro 7). The change in whether refers to the events that are about to occur. Furthermore, the darkening of the clouds reflects the darkness that lives inside of the protagonists, showing their drastic transition from innocence to guilt. Critic, Charles May emphasizes how the change in environment coincides with the change inside of the girls. He suggests that at the moment the clouds darken, â€Å"Marlene and Charlene take pleasure in spying on Verna and to observe how repulsive and monstrous she is† (May, EBSCO). He reveals how it is at this moment when the camp is full of menace. Foreshadowing also shows the haunting effects that Marlene and Charlene’s actions have on those around them. The effects of their actions are seen when Marlene’s mother voices her opinion. â€Å"How sad, how awful. There should have been supervision†¦ the foibles of my distant futile state† (Munro 1). The confusion of her mother allows one to realize that something awful has happened. Her mother’s words suggest that although Marlene may be a child, she is capable of horrible things, forcing her to lose her innocence. For both Marlene and Charlene, it is evident that unexpected events cause them to question their true identities. The irony in Child’s Play portrays the transition from unbreakable bond between childhood friends, to eventually becomes a distant relationship. The end of their friendship is seen when Marlene states, â€Å"I have not kept up with Charlene. I don’t even remember how we said goodbye†¦our parents arrived and we gave ourselves over† (Munro 7-8). The termination of the girl’s friendship is contrary to what the readers expects. The breaking of this powerful bond shows how as children grow up, they become less naive to the ways of the world. Another ironic event that occurs in the story is when Marlene discovers that Charlene is sick. Marlene describes this revelation when she says, â€Å"Charlene was in Princess Margret Hospital. Her cancer had begun in the lungs and spread to the liver. She had only a short time to live† (Munro 9). This irony expresses that as one grows older, they are faced with many more tragedies. These experiences show how the word is not a place where everything is safe and perfect; it is broken just as Marlene and Charlene are corrupted. Finally, the irony depicts the shocking turn of events when the reader finally learns that the girls kill Verna. This discovery is portrayed by this narration: â€Å"I can imagine the unease starting to set in†¦That someone is missing†¦one of the specials†¦What is her name? Verna. Is that not something out there in the water? † (Munro 12). When the death of Verna is revealed, one can see just how much the girls have changed. Their evolution from children to violent criminals subsequently causes their loss of innocence. Journalist Leah Hager proposes that Marlene and Charlene â€Å"transgressed not simply against propriety, but against human life itself† (New York Times). Hager concludes that one may be more similar to Marlene and Charlene than they originally thought, as the loss of innocence is a challenge that each person must overcome. Ultimately, the use of situational irony shows how the circumstances the protagonists face lead to their final loss of innocence. In conclusion the literary devices emphasize the great differences between Marlene, Charlene and Verna causing the characters to lose their innocence as they evolve into different people as their loss of innocence shapes them into their own person. The effect of the imagery, foreshadowing and situational irony causes one to question their similarity to Marlene and Charlene; desperate to escape the prison that they have created for themselves through their hatred and loathing.

Health and Health Care Essay

The book â€Å"Health and Health Care 2010: The Forecast, The Challenge† by Roy Amara et al. provides detailed analysis of trends that will affect health care policies and practices by 2010. In particular, the authors have made an excellent effort to forecast stability and volatility of health care in the USA. The authors cover the following topics: health care forecast, demographic trends, health care demands, health insurance, children’s health, medical and information technologies, diversity and the workforce. Managers and staff members will find the chapters about information and medical technologies of particular interest. Nevertheless, the issue of ablation is paid too little attention. The authors argue that the primary purpose of the book is to make readers aware of critical factors that affect health care system in the beginning of the 21st century. When speaking about demographic trends and burden of disease, they claim that American population will be more ethnically diverse and older. Thus, such situation will be very likely to result in increased number of chronic diseases. One more important problem is that health care costs have increased meaning that less people can afford highly-qualified medical support. The authors predict growth of Medicare and Medicaid by 2010 due to changes in health care insurance systems. They say that â€Å"during the 1990’s, the managed care became the dominant health care insurance and delivery system, covering more than 60 percent of publicly and privately insured lives†. (p. XX) Managed care plays is argued to play important role in controlling national expenditures on health care, and people are provided with coordinated health care. Nevertheless, managed care is highly criticized by physicians, the media and consumers, but the government decided to make managed care an effective mechanism of controlling costs and delivering health care. The way the health care system is organized is swiftly changing, and surplus of hospital beds will contribute to consumer’s market. However, intermediaries will be entailed with a new role. The authors mention that the negative moment is that little changes were provided in the way the physicians practice medicine. Even the invention of the telephone, the computer and Internet didn’t significantly change medical practices. Of course, exceptions are present. It is physicians who are the central figures in health care, but surplus of doctors and new roles of health care providers are very likely to shift that paradigm over the next decades. New medical and information technologies are of particular interest for managers and staff members, and they are claimed to be the key driving force in organization of the health care system in the beginning of the 21st century. The problem is that health care industry is the last in implementing information technologies that would increase quality and effectiveness of health care delivery. The authors write that â€Å"beginning in the19th century, medicine has made great strides in verifying the germ theory, creating aseptic surgical techniques, discovering antibiotics, developing anesthesia, and imaging the inside of the body†. (p. 111) Of course, the impact of such innovations is undeniable and huge as physicians gained an excellent opportunity to improve public health, to extend the life span, and to improve the quality of life. Moreover, the quality of health care delivering was heightened as well. Nine medical technologies are argued to significantly affect the outcomes of patient care and health care delivering: rational drug design, advances in imaging, minimally invasive surgery, genetic mapping, genetic testing, gene therapy, artificial blood, effective vaccines, implementation of stem cells and xenotransplantation. Stem cells â€Å"can generate all other types of cells in the body and therefore hold great promise for replacing or repairing tissues and organs damaged by disease†. (p. 131) Researches of stem cells are nowadays one of the most interesting, the most promising and contradictive area of discussions and medical researches. Many researchers agree that development of the new method would open new doors before medicine. Some scientists say that creating of new human embryo must be prohibited, because it s morally unacceptable and religiously unethical. The authors continue that medical management is implemented sporadically nowadays. In particular, medical management is defined as an active management of the care of the population. Today, medical management fully depends on information systems that are used for monitoring and tracking medical processes and outcomes. Disease management programs positively impact medical practices and patient management. When speaking about public health, the authors admit that â€Å"over the past 30 years the public health system has operated under pressures of resource scarcity, limits in leadership, and organizational fragmentation†. (p. 9) Public health system is safety-net medical provider, and economic problems make its performance hardly bearable. Over the next decades global forces will the context in which public health systems will be very likely to operate. The authors conclude that global economies increase health risks and, therefore, public health system should be embedded in the context of global threats and opportunities. Cost-effective technologies should be developed for enhancing surveillance, screening and environmental health. Finally, public health strategies should aim at employing ecological strategies as ecology is human and structural determinant of health behavior. Managed care will remain dominant in health care insurance. References Amara, R. et al. (2003). Health and Health Care 2010: The Forecast, The Challenge (2nd ed. ). Princeton, NJ: Jossey-Bass.

The Tough United States essays

The Tough United States essays After WWII, things werent looking too good in terms of communism. Many countries and nations were beginning to point in the direction of it while Marxism started to become a widespread philosophy throughout Europe. Even though the United States began to lose in Vietnam, they were able to keep away from Marxism and become the strongest economy in the world. The United States was able to keep there heads high and push through this period of time through four events that took place in the 20th century. Human relationships have always been dynamic. Change and adaptability have gone hand in hand with the passage of time for human society. Systems have been developed to regulate, direct and control the resources of the American society. The systems are referred to as governments and the resources as the populace or inhabitants and forces of production. A government must be dynamic in its nature reflecting the change in society. At times these systems have resisted the necessity to adapt with its components creating a deficit between the system and those it regulates. As the deficits develop, they cause instability, and could lead to revolution. This deficit represents Marxism and shows how important it is for a government to choose the correct system for the people and the current conditions. For Europe, it wasnt the right decision. The United States knew that Marxism wasnt the right path to choose but, Europe didnt know this and turned to the USSR as a role model. Marxian ideology, in its Russian-Communist projection, has always been in process of subtle evolution. The materials on which it bases itself are extensive and complex. This was said by George Kennan, a career diplomat and scholar who worked for the State Department. He wrote about the American attitudes towards this and it shows how they knew how Marxism wasnt right. The first event that the United States was abl...

Thoughts on Extrajudicial Killings and Unexplained Essays - Crime

Thoughts on Extrajudicial Killings and Unexplained Essays - Crime Thoughts on Extrajudicial Killings and Unexplained Disappearances by : PJ Ruben T. Reyes and J. Mariano C. Del Castillo Sadly, the Philippines in the eyes of the international community has a very poor human rights record due to its alarming incidence of extrajudicial killings and unexplained disappearances/abductions of private individuals without anyone being held accountable. And now, various sectors of the society are prodded to seek for viable solutions to address the poor human rights problems of the country. We sincerely believe that the root of the problem is not really much on the laws related to curbing and punishing human rights violators. Actually, it has always been the implementation of these laws. As part of the judicial institution whose power is drawn from the pen, we are here to present some issues to be mulled over. 1. There is a need for a clear-cut definition of what extrajudicial killing' is, for homicide and murder are extrajudicial killings' too. The name is a misnomer since every killing, outside of the death penalty, is extrajudicial. Shouldn't the crime be called a political killing' instead? When will a case fall under extrajudicial killings' in order that the special court can assume jurisdiction? Thus, the motive must be determined during investigation. This is relevant in the light of the existence of special courts to handle such cases. A categorical definition would pinpoint who are to be held liable and who are the victims. An international NGO observed that such extrajudicial killings' in the Philippines show a common pattern: "Surveillance and threats to the victims presumptively by officers; Finding their names in an "Order of Battle" by military commanders; Victim has an affiliation with lawful activist or leftist movements and political parties (including labor , journalism, women, peasants, environmental and other sectors); Assassination (often in front of the families and friends) by hooded persons often driving motorbikes or unlicensed vehicles; Scant investigation; Witness intimidation and sometimes witness murder." The above traits, however, may also be present in killings made by groups like the Abu Sayaff , MILF, or even political opponents. How then do we distinguish these crimes, especially in determining jurisdiction of special courts? 2. The investigation, evidence-gathering, and the witness protection program of the State must be strengthened. A speedy and full investigation on the part of the police must be done. Also, the witnesses to these human rights crimes must be encouraged to testify, for they will have to go up against the police and the military. They must be assured that they will be protected during the investigation and the trial proceedings. 3. The possibility of putting up a multisectoral agency composed of representatives from the NGOs, civil society, military, police, church, media, and the judiciary. Such will focus solely on investigating such human rights crimes and serve as prosecutor. And this agency can report its findings to the court handling the case. 4. The need to educate and orient the police and military thru seminars about our laws on human rights, reminding them that the country is a civilian society and that the rights of the people to association, to privacy, to liberty, and to life, must be protected at all times. The police and military should act within the bounds of law and not attack indiscriminately whom they call insurgents.' 5. The judiciary will have to bring back the confidence of the people in it by speedily disposing cases involving human rights violations, holding the perpetrators fully accountable to the crimes. Incidentally, another thing to consider is this: If one is merely acting under the orders of a superior,' will the former be exculpated or will there be a solidary liability as principals? We hope that this summit will not turn out to be just rhetoric. The judiciary for sure is facing another challenge and expresses its cooperation to address the problem. The bottom line is actually the political will Are we ready to prosecute the top guns behind these human rights crimes? No to extrajudicial killings Tony Katigbak -INTROSPECTIVE (The Philippine Star) - August 10, 2016 - 12:00am At our regular village Sunday mass last week, I was listening intently to the parish priest's homily as he discussed

Applying to Go to Graduate School for a Different Major

Applying to Go to Graduate School for a Different Major Many students find that their career would benefit from additional studies that differ from their bachelors degrees. They may learn that their interests lie in a different field than their major or that their current field has grown and new avenues for study have emerged since their earlier years in academia. Demonstrate Your Capabilities While your graduate options are not limited by your college major, you still, however, have to work hard to demonstrate that youre a good candidate for graduate programs in your newly chosen field. Admittance to graduate school is all about how well you match the program. If you can demonstrate that you have the experiences and competencies to succeed, that may help your chances of getting accepted. Focus on the skills and life experiences that led you to switch your studies. Seek Related Experience Most graduate programs in biology will not accept a student without undergraduate science coursework. This is true of most areas of graduate study. To demonstrate competence you might consider engaging in internships or additional coursework. If, for example, your bachelors degree is in psychology and you wish to apply to a masters program in biology, take some science courses can demonstrate that you have a solid science background. Check your local community college or look into online courses. Take the Subject GRE If youre switching fields of study, its in your best interest to take the Subject GRE, even though its likely not required. A solid score on this exam illustrates your mastery of the subject matter, which can show your ability to succeed in the new field. Get Certified While a certificate is not the same as a graduate degree, many programs are rigorous and can be a great precursor to your next degree. Certifications are often affordable and can be done in a short period of time, and they can prove your mastery of the material. Some certificate programs offer courses similar to those youd find in graduate school and can prepare you for the rigorous studies ahead. Use Your Admissions Essay to Demonstrate Your Fit Your graduate school admissions essay is your opportunity to speak to the graduate committee. Use this essay to show how your education and experiences specifically align with the graduate program.  Some fields, like law, relate to many courses of study. Discuss your interest in the field and how your experiences have prepared you to succeed in the field. Draw attention to courses youve taken or experiences that illustrate your interest or competence in the area to which you aspire. For example, as a psychology major who wishes to study biology, emphasize the aspects of your education that overlap with biology, such as the emphasis on understanding the brain as an influence on behavior, as well courses in methodology and statistics, and your research experience. Explain why youre making a transition from one field to another, why you have the background to do so, why youll be a good graduate student, as well as your career goals. Ultimately graduate school admissions committees want to see evidence of your interest, knowledge, and competence. They want to know if you have the ability to fulfill degree requirements and if youre a good risk.  Keep the admissions committees perspective in mind, and youll have an advantage in the admissions process despite having the wrong undergraduate major.

Application of organizational behavior concepts Research Paper

Application of organizational behavior concepts - Research Paper Example There are many major problematic issues considered toxic for organizational behavior (OB) and employee turnover rate by the researchers and human resource managers and some among them happen to be motivational issues, leadership issues, and stress-related issues. All of these grave and toxic issues for turnover rate and OB will be discussed at length in this paper while the relationship shared by each of these issues with OB will also be identified and contemplated. This paper basically strives to describe these three problematic issues which are proposed to be especially dangerous for OB and also identify effective solutions for eliminating these issues from the workplace for the betterment of the organization and the workforce in context of a Healthcare Inc. which is facing a challenge with high employee turnover. This paper will also explain how I identified the issues that were at the root of the turnover issues and why I think the measures proposed by me to the Healthcare Inc. w ould turn out as effective and successful. This remains a solid fact that the importance of the interview process in finding out the root causes of employee turnover is exceptional and phenomenal. This is a kind of magic tool which is totally unavoidable and unforgettable if finding out the reasons behind employee turnover is seriously intended. Even the HR professionals frequently employ this very important tool in their investigatory processes. Likewise, I also began my investigation for discovering the issues behind turnover by interviewing the employees working at the Healthcare Inc. which is apparently exposed to certain pressures consequential of high turnover. I designed a questionnaire including five questions referring to how unmotivated the employees feel at work, how stressed they feel at work, how bad the leadership is, if the workplace diversity affects them much, and if power and political issues influence the workplace environment. These questions were asked by every employee. Though a broad range of factors is reportedly responsible for OB issues like employee turnover but the results of my interviewing process highlighted three issues to be largely responsible. These happened to be motivational, leadership, and stress-related issues. I found a majority of employees to be dissatisfied with the leadership at Healthcare Inc. Some blamed the uninvolved managing style for high turnover while the rest laid the blame on the authoritarian or bossy leadership. As mismanaged behavior directly influences the workplace environment so the rate of stress at workplace also happened to remain high all the time and the workers reported about feeling stresses out and unmotivated at work. If leadership is imperfect and inappropriate, the kind of which neglects the preferences and needs of the workforce, if the workers start feeling stressed out when managers refuse to give them their time to sort out certain confusions, and if the absenteeism rate shoots up when workers get unmotivated to work proficiently, then the structural framework of OB deteriorates rapidly. The damage done to OB is first identified often when employee turnover is noticed to be rising. A high employee turnover can cost a company millions of dollars annually which certainly is no small deal because not only does it damage the position of the company in the market but also it produces a direct bad influence on the morale of the employees. Work-related stress can be painful to the point of insanity and stress arrives on the surface when work-related pressures exceed the tolerance capacity of the workers which is when the work stress starts bursting at the seams. The arrival of stress, in the same way, is directly related to excessive work or persistent boredom which can be often seen at any workplace where there is an unchanging aura due to negative attitude reserved for changes. What makes the work-related stress a serious and hazardous issue is the worst kind of depre ssion it can lead a worker to. A

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

No topic - Assignment Example The linear regression equation helps in forecasting the value of sales in the next year. This will be done as follows; sales for the seventh year = (1109.1*7) + 1408 = 2517.1. The predicted sales for the seventh year is $ 2,517. The above prediction is too general to provide enough information for the production planning. The data that is divided into the different seasons in the year is more informative to the production planning especially for the Riverside Corporation that deals in highly seasonal products (Anderson, 677). Anderson adds that time series help in showing the overall trend of data for specified time intervals (692). Similar scatter diagrams help in predicting the sales for the next year per every two months as follows; The above analysis shows that the initial value of predicted sales was $ 2517 and was based on the annual total sales of the year. When data has been broken down into two months each year, the prediction takes a different direction (Anderson, 2012). For the next year i.e. seventh year, the predicted sales for the first two months is $ 2815. Sales for the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth two months are $ 1659, $1240, 701, 797 and 1960 respectively. This information is more useful for production planning than the prediction made using the annual totals. This is because the product in question is seasonal and therefore its demand varies depending on different seasons of the year. Time series analysis is used in predicting the future values of a variable by the use of response history (Anderson, 682). This is referred to as autoregressive dynamics (Anderson, 680). The basic application is in the application of the linear regression models used above. The models give an equation where values are substituted to obtain the intended prediction. According to Anderson, â€Å"time series captures the various trends that given data assume over a certain period of time† (662).

Evaluation Tool for Qualitative Studies Discussion Research Paper

Evaluation Tool for Qualitative Studies Discussion - Research Paper Example There is a stepwise analysis of the research journals as the checklist is divided into various sub-heading, with each subheading bearing specific objectives in relevance to the research document. For instance, in section one of the checklists, internal validity of the document is scrutinized. Under this section, the relevance of the research questions and other internal factors of the research journal is analyzed. The checklist under this section uses concisely designed list of required items. Consequently, the analysis of internal validity of the document, for instance, is achieved easily. In systemic analysis and Meta-analysis, mainly two major quality assessments are carried out. The analysis carried out includes internal validity and general assessment study of the research journal. In Each section has a specific point for analysis, for instance, in the general assessment, the relevance of research on its initial objectives and purpose is determined. Internal validity assessment provides guidelines for ascertaining general factors considered in the formulation of the report journal. Based on the two main aspects of the systemic analysis, analysis of the attached document on Implementation of a strategy is carried out by critical study of the document and marking it against the specification provided in the checklist. The finding according to this analysis is that the research document is of good

Why does the Financial Services industry appeal to you Essay

Why does the Financial Services industry appeal to you - Essay Example This career option will give me the opportunity to enhance my skills, by providing me with challenges every day of the week, where every challenge will be another learning experience. The rewards will reflect my effort that will keep me motivated to do even better, and who in this world does not want to be appreciated for their efforts. The more experienced I become the more reputation I will built up in this industry, where talent is appreciated (Tom Hopkins International, 2010). I will be able to specialize in future according to my interests as the industry provides various opportunities, for example in investment banking, portfolio management, or in the field of insurance. Even though this job provides one with many advantages, one still has to keep the dynamic conditions of the current global market in mind, as this career knows no boundaries, and to us every market is a global market. Though on one hand, as mentioned in The Financial Times, there was a net profitability of 16 p ercent recorded in the UK financial market as a result of the rise in income and volume of some businesses, still there were some cynical views that were noted after the very first time since March 2009. It was the concern of many banks in UK that the new regulations are undermining the growth opportunities, which are expected to lead to a further drop of employment opportunities. This led to a definite raise of concern in the prospective employees’ minds for their job security, especially for those who are aiming for financial services as their career path. On the other hand, CNN Money reported a potential rise of maximum one million and a minimum of 600,000 job opportunities in the United States, if President Obama’s new bill relating to job plans was to pass through congress. This gave a hope to many economists, as well as to many prospective employees, which according to Joel Prakken of Macroeconomics Advisors, was both socially and individually beneficial.

Political and economic developments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political and economic developments - Essay Example The American political scene has for a long time been dominated by two major political parties despite the constitution allowing the existence of as many parties as the citizens would deem fit. These two parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. These two parties differ in policies and fundamental political ideologies. However, having only two political parties is a show of political maturity. This has contributed to the country’s economic prosperity. With the attainment of independence of most countries, the notion of self rule brought with it the possibilities of the countries liberating their citizenry from poverty and even bad governance. This new system of self governance took a myriad of forms with most of the colonies taking after their colonial masters (Michael & John, 2000). This made early European civilization receive much acknowledgement. Most of these types of governance were based on democracy which is a system that allows the populace the author ity to elect their leaders. According to varying preferences, some countries opted for the presidential system in which the president would be directly elected by the populace. The United States is a classical example of this kind of governance. Others opted for a parliamentarian system in which the elected legislatures elect the president. ... Factors that lead to the creations of these nations differ; these are such basic factors as the size of the country, the population size, the religious beliefs of the populace, and multiple others. These are responsible for the formulation of the laws that the legislators deem relevant. What is of relevance in one region is never relevant tin another. The relativity in legal relevance thus explains the difference in regional legislations. The economic growth of a country is determined by a number of factors. Most of these factors are politically instigated. A country that is politically stable like the United States attracts investors. With investors coming to such demography’s, the implication would imminent economic progress (Hill, 2010). The American currency The dollar is the most traded currency globally. This is a clear show of how strong the country’s economy is. The strong economy is sustained by fundamental economic concepts which suit its economy as well as po pulace. There are deliberate moves made by the American government to sustain its economy and safeguards its interests in the world market. These are highlighted in the proceeding part. The American economy has over the years projected manageable rates of inflation due to sound financial policies. This implies a strong economic prospect for the country. Furthermore, this also ensures that the currency retains a strong presence in the financial markets globally. The second factor that has led to the strong currency is the high interest rates that characterize the country’s banking and lending sector. When interest rates are high, the market becomes attractive to investors who would in turn take part in the investments in the securities such as bonds (Stefan, Christopher & Jochen, 2008). This

Why does the Financial Services industry appeal to you Essay

Why does the Financial Services industry appeal to you - Essay Example This career option will give me the opportunity to enhance my skills, by providing me with challenges every day of the week, where every challenge will be another learning experience. The rewards will reflect my effort that will keep me motivated to do even better, and who in this world does not want to be appreciated for their efforts. The more experienced I become the more reputation I will built up in this industry, where talent is appreciated (Tom Hopkins International, 2010). I will be able to specialize in future according to my interests as the industry provides various opportunities, for example in investment banking, portfolio management, or in the field of insurance. Even though this job provides one with many advantages, one still has to keep the dynamic conditions of the current global market in mind, as this career knows no boundaries, and to us every market is a global market. Though on one hand, as mentioned in The Financial Times, there was a net profitability of 16 p ercent recorded in the UK financial market as a result of the rise in income and volume of some businesses, still there were some cynical views that were noted after the very first time since March 2009. It was the concern of many banks in UK that the new regulations are undermining the growth opportunities, which are expected to lead to a further drop of employment opportunities. This led to a definite raise of concern in the prospective employees’ minds for their job security, especially for those who are aiming for financial services as their career path. On the other hand, CNN Money reported a potential rise of maximum one million and a minimum of 600,000 job opportunities in the United States, if President Obama’s new bill relating to job plans was to pass through congress. This gave a hope to many economists, as well as to many prospective employees, which according to Joel Prakken of Macroeconomics Advisors, was both socially and individually beneficial.

Science Fiction Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science Fiction Project - Term Paper Example Though, it was difficult to detect them with naked eye, but advanced technological tools made it possible for the governments to know of their presence. Aliens from Jupiter landed on Earth. They were imperceptible, swift in movements, famished for Earth’s deeply hidden mineral resources and liked to breed in isolated locations. Hence, their presence was unobtrusive until the global environment changed drastically towards demotion. 12 year old Clare in her small trailer house began to wonder the change in the weather of Southern Rocky mountains of Colorado. She has always been intrigued by the natural resources of Earth and the spiritual ability of it to produce more and more for the sake of human welfare. She preferred life close to nature and hence, never let go a chance to see and feel the mysterious hidden and ignored beauties on Earth. The feeling of being close to nature gave her powers to feel the indescribable feelings, which left her speechless and full of undeniable strength. Although, she never shared it with anyone, but whenever she came back from mountain hiking trips, ocean swimming voyages, surfing desserts and roving in forests, her connection with nature was beyond description. The strength and connection she felt, the strange myths she heard in the air and the soft melodies of night told her all the secret stories of mysterious Earth. But this time her hiking trip in Colorado was different, she could feel the presence of Earth and someone else. Often, she was distracted and disturbed by the swift passage of heat and air. Earth was telling her something, but she couldn’t comprehend it yet. Moreover, weather was immensely warm despite of the fact that these hills were supposed to be cold due to their tropical climatic attribute. Clare could feel the presence and the change, and the inevitable was not a likable prospect; a coming of danger she sensed at all times. Lately, Umer could see abundance of

Bricks and mortar retail in Australia Essay Example for Free

Bricks and mortar retail in Australia Essay E-commerce has emerged as a new force in retail providing consumers with more choice and convenience than ever before. People can now shop from retailers across the globe in the comfort of their own home. It would be thought that exciting possibilities such as this would be readily adopted and create competition for existing retail methods. This has not been the outcome in Australia however. Although e-commerce continues to climb in adoption rates bricks and mortar retail has not been affected to any great extent. This being said some areas of e-commerce are becoming successful new ventures on the net. Throughout this essay we will look at what e-commerce is, how it is being used and who is using it. It will also be considered whether e-commerce will ever replace bricks and mortar retailers or will e-commerce disappear? E-commerce is a business that is run on the internet rather than from a bricks and mortar location. E-commerce uses computer networks and telecommunications to conduct its business as it has no face to face contact with its customers. It can be argued that e-commerce is a more effective way of doing business. (NOIE, 2000) This is because it does not require all the overheads and staff required in a bricks and mortar business. However E-commerce is more complicated than it may first seem, more is involved than the simple transfer of funds over the internet. For an online business to be a success it must be planned, established and run as if it were a bricks and mortar business. E-commerce ends with the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. (Mitchell.J, 2000) Marketing of goods and services, formation of customer relationships, presentation of goods and services for consumers to brows, transfer of funds and after sale customer care must all be established and maintained. E-commerce can be conducted in a Business to business (B2B), Business to Government (B2G) or Business to consumer (B2C) way. B2C e-commerce is an area of significant growth. Many Australians are choosing to use the internet to make purchases. A study conducted by NOIE revealed that in 2002 54% of Australians had access to the internet in their home. Although online consumption is not one of the highest ranking activities conducted by Australians on the internet it is an area that is growing. (NOIE, 2000) One specific area of growth is the use of online banking. (DCITA, 2001) Consumers enjoy the convenience of doing their banking from home on the internet rather than traveling to the bank and standing in line waiting to be served. The most popular online shopping category in Australia however is travel and its related services. Consumers enjoy browsing online for the best deal and creating their own holiday packages. Purchasing travel online also cuts out added fees such as the travel agents commission if flight and accommodation are bought directly from the source rather than through a representative. In a study conducted by NOIE it was found that between 2000 and 2003 there was an increase of 452%in online travel purchase. (DCITA, 2001) This is a hugely significant amount. Other high ranking consumption products on the internet included; books, computer software, computer hardware, music and videos, clothing and share trading. (DCITA, 2001) There are a number of reasons why people choose to use e-commerce rather than traditional bricks and mortar. These reasons are the convenience of the internet, the global scope the internet has to offer and the ease of access. In an increasingly fast passed world convenience is increasingly important. E-commerce provides consumers with the convenience of shopping from home at any time of the day or night, this removes opening hours, travel and queuing as well as spending time looking for a specific good or service. Consumers can log on to the internet conduct a search for the product they wish to purchase and then purchase online quickly and efficiently. Time poor people are using the internet more and more to purchase goods and services. In the lead up to Christmas 1999 Australians spent $150 million on gifts online. (NOIE, 2000) Most of these purchases were made by people who did not have the time to shop at bricks and mortar retailers during business hours. This change in access makes it easier for consumers to find the time to shop; it also helps to take the stress out of shopping. E-commerce also provides consumers with access to a global market. Previously consumers had limited channels for obtaining international goods they wish to purchase E-commerce has created ease of access to international goods and services. Never before has it been so easy to purchase from overseas. Due to the global nature of the internet consumers can brows through what retailers have to offer throughout the world, easily make purchases and have the goods they choose posted to them. This has provided consumers with a new scope of choice which is much bigger than anything offered before. Not only does this ease of access globally mean that Australians can purchase goods and services from around the world, it also means that the world can now easily purchase goods from Australia. E-commerce has opened Australia up to potential consumers that did not exist previously purely due to the inability to access the goods and services available. Due to the internets ease of access e-commerce has opened up a whole new world to people with disabilities, specifically disabilities that inhibit a persons ability to move easily to and from shopping areas. (DCITA, 2002) The internet is easy to use in the home environment and offers an alternative to people who find it difficult to shop at bricks and mortar retail outlets. This also offers empowerment to individuals who previously relied on someone else to do their shopping for them or helped them to shop. These people can now have the independence of doing their own shopping online and the enjoyment of browsing through what different retailers have to offer. Although e-commerce is growing and offers many exciting new opportunities to consumers it is unlikely that it will ever totally replace brick and mortar commerce. There are many aspects of traditional bricks and mortar commerce that cannot be replicated online and as a result of this can never fully replace traditional commerce. Some of these areas include the ability to try products, the social aspect of shopping the entertainment value in shopping, the instant gratification of shopping and the inhibiting effects of the internet. Consumers enjoy browsing through goods and services available to them. (ACS, 2001)This can be done online but not to the same extent as it can be taken to in bricks and mortar retailers. On the internet consumers can only look at a picture of the product they intent to purchase. In bricks and mortar retailers however consumers can make use of their sight, hearing, smell and taste as well as feel a product before they purchase it. Due to the limitations of the internet in this stage of the purchase decision making stage there is more space for post purchase dissonance to occur. When people can use all their senses to make a purchase decision the decision is generally more definite. As well as using all five senses to assist in the decision making process consumers also have the chance to try the product they are thinking of buying in the bricks and mortar environment before they actually do. (ACS, 2001) This is generally not feasible over the internet. Some software programs provide a demo for consumers to trial before they make a purchase, bulky products however cannot be trailed in such a way. Bricks and mortar retail has also become a social activity and a form of entertainment. (ACS, 2001) People meet to go shopping and enjoy the contact they have with people while undertaking this activity. This type of social interaction cannot be recreated in e-commerce. While there are other social activities that can be undertaken on the internet e-commerce does not provide a social aspect. Many bricks and mortar centers of commerce have become entertainment hubs that attract tourists from around the world. Bricks and mortar retail also provides an instant gratification to consumers when they make their purchases and can take them with them. This is generally impossible through e-commerce because the goods need to be posted out to the consumer. (ACS, 2001) While e-commerce assisted some people with disabilities to become more independent it has also created new barriers especially for people who are vision impaired. (Noonan, 1999) No technologies have yet been created to allow this group into the online world. This is a problem due to the fact that it limits these peoples opportunities to benefit from the many aspects the internet and e-commerce has to offer. The elderly is another group that has not been included fully in this e-commerce revolution. More training programs need to be designed to bring our older Australians online and teach them what e-commerce has to offer them. Many elderly Australians would find that e-commerce gave them a new independence if they knew how to use it. Throughout this essay we will look at what e-commerce is, how it is being used and who is using it. It will also be considered whether e-commerce will ever replace bricks and mortar retailers or will e-commerce disappear? E-commerce is the online transfer of goods and services to consumers. As stated many Australians have taken to using e-commerce because of the convenience it offers to them, however some people including the elderly and those with disabilities are being left out to some extent. Although e-commerce continues to develop it is highly unlikely that it will ever totally replace bricks and mortar commerce. The experiences that the two offer are so different that they are both used for different reasons. E-commerce is used for convenience where traditional retaile is often used as a social activity and a form of entertainment. E-commerce has not been adopted in Australia as readily as it has been in some other countries, it will however continue to provide consumers with the convenience of home shopping. Many Australians now would not want to go back to traditional commerce and be force to go into a bank to do their banking rather than simply logging on at home. The e-commerce revolution will continue to grow but brick and mortar will also remain. Referances Noonan, T. (1999) Accessible e-commerce in Australia. Retrieved: November 23, 2004, from: http://www. bca. org. au/ecrep. htm Mitchell. J, (2000) The implementation of E-competent Australia 2000 for VET. Retrieved: November 14, 2004, from: http://www. flexiblelearning. net. au/nw2000/talkback/p71. htm The Australian Government Treasury. (2003)The internet and B2C E-commerce. Retrieved: November 14, 2004, from: http://www. ecommerce. treasury. gov. au/bpmreview/content/DiscussionPaper/03_Chapter2. asp

Mental Health Effects Of Exercise Health And Social Care Essay

Mental Health Effects Of Exercise Health And Social Care Essay Objectives: To determine the mental health effects of exercise for people with anxiety disorder, affective and mood disorder, and substances use disorder. Search Strategy: Clinical trials on anxiety disorder, affective and mood disorder, and substances use disorder (August 2010) were searched based on Cochraine, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PsycheArticles, Sport Discuss, and PubMed database. References from relevant papers were also inspected. Selection Criteria: All randomized controlled trials comparing any intervention where physical activity or exercise was considered to be the main or active ingredient with standard care or other treatments for people with anxiety disorder, affective and mood disorder, and substances use disorder. Data Collection Analysis: Citations and abstract were inspected and the quality is assessed, and the data were extracted. Main result: Ten randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Trials assessed the effects of exercise on physical and mental health for affective/mood and anxiety disorder, also the consumption change on illicit drugs and alcohol. Overall number leaving the trials were 60%). Exercise effect is higher than standard care alone or adjunct treatment with meditation. Exercise dose differs for underlying fitness level, physical wellbeing, and age. Green environment act as catalyst while smoking behavior block the fitness outcome. BACKGROUND There are about 450 million people suffered from mental and behavioral disorders worldwide. One person in four will develop one or more of these disorders during their lifetime [1]. Mental disorders contribute to almost 11% of 1996 disease burden worldwide and it is predicted that it will increase up to 15% in 2020 [2]. By looking at local context, almost half of Australian population experience mental illness at some point of their lifetime [3], which contribute 13.3% of the total country burden of disease and injury in 2003 [4]. A good mental health enable individual to handle day-to-day events and obstacles, work on their goals, and function effectively in society. Minor disturbances in mental health could with delay early intervention will not only a suffered to the individual but also a burden to their families and society considerably. The economic and personal costs of mental illness are also the major concerned in social and public health. Exercise was believed to enhance individuals ability to cope with and manage their mental disorder apart from its well documented physical health benefit. Improved quality of life is particularly important for individuals with severe and enduring mental health problems as exercise may alleviate depression, low self-esteem and social withdrawal.   Mental disorder is usually determined through clinical diagnoses using the ICD10 or DSM-IV criteria. In Australia, anxiety disorder, affective and mood disorder and substances abuse are the main mental disorder in this country [3] thus will be used in this review. Description of the condition Anxiety Disorder Anxiety disorders are a group of illnesses characterized by persistent feelings of high anxiety, extreme discomfort and tension which will significantly interferes with their daily life. Its often come out of the blue and presented with intense physical symptoms such as breathlessness, palpitations, sweating, trembling, feelings of choking, nausea, abdominal distress, dizziness, pins and needles, feelings of losing control and/or feelings of impending doom[4]. Anxiety disorders also affect the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. There is different number of anxiety disorders which include panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, which most often begin in early adulthood and common among women than men [5, 17]. It is reported that lifetime prevalence of total anxiety disorder was 10.6% 16.6% [23]. Affective Disorder Affective disorder characterized by dramatic changes or extremes of mood which include manic or depressive episodes, and often combinations of the two. They may or may not have psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or other loss of contact with reality [9]. This disorder could be categorized into depression, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, and bipolar affective disorder [5]. For lifetime prevalence, the corresponding pooled incidence rates were 6.7 per 100, 3.6 per 100, and 0.9 per 100 for respective major depressive disorder (MDD) dysthymia disorder and bipolar I disorder categories [16]. Substance use disorder Substance use disorder refers to mental and behavioral disorder resulting from psychoactive substance use such as alcohol, opoids, others stimulants, hallucinogens, tobacco and volatile disorders [5]. The focus of this paper will look at the study on alcohol and illicit drugs. In the short term, the individual may perceive these effects as quite desirable however, prolonged and heavy usage may result in physical harm, dependency, and withdrawal problems and long term psychological damage or social harm. This will leads to intoxication, harmful use, dependence, and psychotic disorders [5]. Harmful use is diagnosed when damage has been caused to physical and mental health. Dependence syndrome involve strong desire to take substance and difficulty in control the use, physical withdrawal, tolerance, neglect of alternative pleasure and interest, and persistent use despite harm to self and others. Point prevalence of alcohol use disorder has been estimated to be around 1.7% globally, which higher rate among men 2.8% to women 0.5% [18]. While, the burden attributable to illicit drugs was estimated at 0.4% of total disease burden, and economic cost of this harmful drugs dependents and use in the United State has been estimated to be USD98 billion [22]. Exercise and mental health There is no single mechanism has yet been found to adequately explain the diverse range of mental health effects possible through physical activity participation. The plausible mechanisms for psychological change through physical activity and exercise fall into one of three broad perspectives as explained by Mutrie (2003) where there is biochemical changes such as increased levels of neurotransmitters; physiological changes such as improved thermo-genesis, muscle and cardiovascular function and, suggested psychological changes such as social support, sense of autonomy, improved perceptions of competence, enhanced body image, self-efficacy and distraction. Important of review There is a growing recognition that physical activity can enhance mental health (Faulkner 2005). Regardless by this fact, there is still limited evidence to suggest the effects of exercise on anxiety disorder, affective and mood disorder, and substances abuse reported in the population characterized by these mental illnesses. The purpose of this review is to focus specifically on methodologically rigorous trials in updating current consensus concerning the potential role of exercise in improving the mental health of individuals with anxiety disorder, affective and mood disorder, and substances use disorder. OBJECTIVES To determine the mental health effects of exercise programmes for people with anxiety disorder, affective and mood disorder, and substances use disorder, and factors that enhance the effect. METHODS Types of participants Clinically diagnosed adult (aged 17 and above) with diagnosed anxiety disorder, affective and mood disorder, and substances abuse using any criteria, with any length of illness and in any treatment setting. Types of interventions Physical activity or exercise will be the main or active elements intervention studied in this review. As a result of most clinical subjects is under treatment, intervention in conjunction with others will be considered as well. Only interventions which address mental health outcome of exercise, its dosage, and factors attribute to effectiveness will be included. Others exercise study that potentially discussed the outcome of enhancing physical exercise intervention on mental health status will also will be included for prospective review. Types of outcome measures Outcomes were groups according to assessments of mental and physical health, and were grouped by different disorders, factors attribute to effectiveness, and dose exposure outcome. The primary outcome will be mental state score. Search methods for identification of studies Search is restricted to English literature will be used as more time is needed for paper translation. Electronic searches The MEDLINE, PsychInfo, PsychArticles, PubMed, Cochrane, SportDiscuss, SAGE, Springerlink, and JSTOR articles and journal databases (August 2010) were searched using the phrase : [(physical* and (therap* or intervention)) within the same field of title, abstract or index term fields) or ((fitness* or sport* or gym* or exercis* or * danc*) in title, abstract and index fields Reference) or (*exercise* or danc* or physical act* in interventions field in Study)] and also different phrases for disorder studied is added in term, reference and study field: anxiety disorder (panic disorder*or agoraphobi*or social phobi* or generalized anxiety disorde* or obsessive-compulsive disorde*or post-traumatic stress disorde*), mood or affective disorder (depressio*or dysthymi*or mani*or hypomani*or bipolar affective disorde*), and substance use disorder (alcoho*or cocain*or heroi*or ampletamin* or illicit dru*). Data collection and analysis In the selection process, abstracts of research papers were independently assessed by the searches for relevance. When abstract was unclear and disagreements occurred, the full report is required and the assessment process repeated. With resolved disagreement, data is extracted from each study and even from unpublished source for the purpose of this review. Studies are then independently assessed for its methodological quality base on sequence generation; allocation concealment; blinding; incomplete outcome data; selective reporting of the results; and any other biases identified. The standard Risk Ratio and Odd ratios at 95% confidence interval (CI) will be used as interpretation of treatment effect. As a result of continuous data outcome in mental health trials are often not normally distributed, criteria for inclusion is used where the standard deviations and means for the endpoint measures on rating scales is obtained and the standard deviation (SD), when multiplied by 2 had to be less than the mean [19]. Even though some degree of loss to follow up data must lose credibility [19], all trial in the main analysis will be included all. Only study with outcome of more than 50% participation will be interpreted. RESULT Results of the search There are about 264 electronics reports inspected and of these, 254 studies were excluded on the basis of their abstracts. Ten randomized controlled trials (Carta 2008; Jerome 2008; Oeland 2010; Doyne 1987; Kenzor 2008; Murphy 1986; Sinyor 1982; Merom 2007; Ng 2007; and Brown 2010) were included in this review. Additional 6 studies (Mackay 2009; Jokela 2010; van Hauvelen 2006; Perrino 2009; Brown 2005; and Tart 2010) were included for prospective view on exercise effectiveness factors that could be used for implementation of study. Included studies We included ten randomized controlled trials (Carta 2008; Jerome 2008; Oeland 2010; Doyne 1987; Kenzor 2008; Murphy 1986; Sinyor 1982; Merom 2007; Ng 2007; and Brown 2010). All studies have been published since 1982 which illustrates growing attention to the role of exercise as a form of adjunct therapy for the focused mental illnesses. One study (Merom 2007) investigated the effects of an exercise programme on anxiety disorder where brisk walking exercise and others exercises were implemented. The 8 -10 weeks program lengths, with exercise dose of >30 minutes duration, done five times per week have shown a remarkable decrease of anxiety among patients in the intervention group. Compare with others mental illness studies; there are numerous studies on affective and mood disorder. Reviewed studies shows that exercise does work to reduce depression and anxiety in bipolar patients with just one hour per week of simple group brisk walk exercise for 8 months lengths (Carta 2008); and for major depression patient, the positive outcome were observed after 150 minutes per week group walking for 8 week length program. Greater total time exposure will give better significant outcome for bipolar patient (Ng, 2007) and the severity of affective/mood psychiatric problem does not influence the exercise outcome (Jerome, 2008). Oeland et al (2010) have demonstrate that, increased in physical activity will tremendously leads towards better body physiology changes among these patient. Their depression level were found to have further decrease with high level intensity exercise compare to low density exercise at equivalence dose (4 times per week with 60 minutes duration) of e xposure (Doyne 1987). The main outcome measured for Drugs and Alcohol use disorder is the percent day abstinence (PDA). Structured group exercise were found leads towards better PDA outcome as adjunct therapy for drugs addicts and alcoholic patients (Murphy 1986; Sinyor 1982; Brown 2010) at the minimum of 8 weeks intervention (Murphy, 1986) to 12 months intervention(Sinyor 1982). The effective dose reported in these studies is 20-70 minutes exercise routine for the least once a week. Unstructured exercise has demonstrated lower outcome in Kendzor (2008) and Sinyor (1982) studies, verified by their respective intervention group and control group outcome. 1. Methods: All trials were randomized. The duration of the trials ranged between 8 weeks (Murphy 1986) and 24 months (Ng 2007). 2. Participants: All trials included people diagnosed with anxiety disorders, affective or mood disorders, and alcohol or drugs use disorder using DSM-IV criteria (Carta 2008; Jerome 2008; Oeland 2010; Doyne 1987; Kenzor 2008; Murphy 1986; Sinyor 1982; Merom 2007; Ng 2007; and Brown 2010). Only one study does not use in- or outpatients (Murphy 2007). Participants ranged in age from 18 to 80 years. 3. Setting: Three studies were conducted in community centre (Kendzor 2008; Murphy 1986; Sinyor 1982), one offered in the university (Doyne 1987), and the rest is offered in and outpatient services. 4. Study Size: The smallest sample size is 16 participants (Brown 2010) and the largest number of participants in sample is 620 people (Kendzor 2008). 5. Interventions: All study using exercise as their main activity used to measured the outcome. The experimental conditions identified in each of the included studies differed in exercise duration and intensity. The exercise activity intensity are from a simple walking to high intensity supervised structured aerobic exercise. Most selected studies implement consistent duration of exercise 20-60 minutes five times per day for the least 8 weeks. Only well structured supervised intervention implements increase intensity (Sinyor 1982; Brown 2010). All exercise programmes were in addition to participants usual care except intervention in Murphy, Pagano and Marlat (1986) study. 6. Control interventions: Standard care: Participants continued with their usual treatment in Carta 2008, and addition with Group Cognitive behavior therapy and just education benefit of exercise for Merom 2007, Oeland 2010, Doyne 1987, Kendzor 2008, Sinyor 1982 and Brown 2010. There are two control groups in Murphy, Pagano Mariat (1986) study which one group in meditation intervention while the others were not in either exercise or meditation. These participants were university student not with any treatment for excessive alcohol intake. Only Ng 2007 does not implement control in their intervention. 7. Outcomes: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) is a 21 item self report questionnaire designed to measure the severity of a range of symptoms common to both Depression and Anxiety. Each item is scored from 0 (did not apply to me at all over the last week) to 3 (applied to me very much or most of the time over the past week). Merom 2007 and Ng 2007 used this scale. World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF Version (WHOQOL-BREF) is scale to assesses physical health, psychological, social relations and the environment on a five-point scale where 1 = poor QofL and 5 = good QofL. Carta 2008 and Oeland 2010 use this scale. The Clinical Global Impression Severity scale (CGI-S) is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to rate the severity of the patients illness at the time of assessment, relative to the clinicians past experience with patients who have the same diagnosis. Considering total clinical experience, a patient is assessed on severity of mental illness at the time of rating 1=normal, not at all ill; 2, borderline mentally ill; 3, mildly ill; 4, moderately ill; 5, markedly ill; 6, severely ill; or 7, extremely ill. Ng 2007 used this scale. The Clinical Global Impression Improvement scale (CGI-I) is a 7 point scale that requires the  clinician  to assess how much the patients illness has improved or worsened relative to a baseline state at the beginning of the intervention. Rated as: 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse. Ng 2007 used this scale. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) is a screening battery designed to measure attention and processing speed, expressive language, visual-spatial and constructional abilities, and immediate and delayed memory.  Jerome 2008 used this measurement for to records schizophrenic patient activity. Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90) is used as a screening measure of general psychiatric symptomatology. It includes dimensions measuring somatization, obsessive-compulsive, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. This was used by Jerome 2008 Center for Epidemiologic Studies depressive scale (CES-D) is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales.  It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by patterns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. This was used by Jerome 2008. Beck Depression Inventory  (BDI) is a 21-question  multiple-choice self-report inventory, used for measuring the severity of  depression from a psychodynamic  perspective. In its questionnaire is designed for individuals aged 13 and over and composed of items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue,  weight loss, and lack of interest in sex. Used by Doyne 1987 and Kendzor 2008 Figure1: Methodological quality summary: review authors judgments about each methodological quality item for each included study. Adequate Sequence Generation Allocation Concealment Blinding? Incomplete Outcome data addressed Free of Selective Reporting Free of Others Bias Merom et al 2007 + + + ? + Carta et al 2008 + + + + + Ng et al 2007 + ? ? + Jerome et al 2008 + + + + Oeland et al 2010 + + + + + + Doyne et al 1987 + + + + + Kendzor et al 2008 + + ? ? Murphy et al 1986 + + + + + Sinyor et al 1982 + + + + Brown et al 2010 + + ? + Risk of bias in included studies Allocation: All study reported as randomized. Blinding: None of the studies were double-blinded. The reported results may exaggerate estimates of treatment effect and None of the studies reported any test of blinding Incomplete outcome data: Most of the studies have withdrawal from the sample population as the highest reported were in Sinyor (1982) study which around 60% remains in the study, which were due to self withdrawal from being participant after undergone first phase of treatment. Selective reporting: Most study report the mean and standard deviation. Others source of bias: most of the study have tendency of selection bias, measurement bias and error due to effect of confounding especially effect of group therapy and regular undergone treatment. DISCUSSION Ten studies were included in this review. Overall, these studies showed that exercise therapy can have an impact on mental health outcomes like mental state and general functioning with no adverse effects. There are various studies looking at the impact of exercise towards anxiety in non-clinical samples using DASS and SCL-90 questions tools, which were excluded for reviews apart from the reason of its non-clinical trial study design. Compare to usual treatment alone and GCBT, prolonged and frequent exercise conducted in group for at least 8 weeks were significantly effective in reduce anxiety, depression and stress among patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia. Similar effect was observed for bipolar disorder and major depression in addition to their usual treatment, regardless of the psychiatric condition severity and exercise intensity (Jerome 2008). Clinical trials have shown high day abstinence from drugs and alcohol best occurs in well structured, high intensity group exercise among alcoholic and drugs addict, in addition to their usual treatment for the problem. Kendzor 2008 study has demonstrated there was no effect of individual low density physical activity towards reducing the heavy drinking habit. We could conclude that, the minimum effective dose for exercise to mental status is 40-60 minutes session, repeated 3-5 times per week for continuous 8 weeks duration. This dose works for low endurance brisk walking exercise with a proper warming up session. Increases in exercise intensity will give better physical fitness, and ideal weight management. Type of exercise, its intensity, and dose is modified base on underlying fitness level and age (Jerome 2008; Jokela 2010; van Hauvelen 2006; Perrino 2009). Others factors that could affect exercise effectiveness is the exercise environment. Mackay Neill 2009 study shows that there is significant relationship between anxiety changes and green environment. Exercise intensity works for depression (Brown 2005; Jerome 2005) and substance use disorder (Sinyor 1982; Brown 2010) but not for anxiety (Mackay Neill 2009). It is found that smoking behavior will delay exercise fitness effect (Tart 2010). AUTHORS CONCLUSION Implication of practice People with mental illness The results of this review indicate that there are various benefits of exercise to individuals with anxiety disorder, mood and affective disorder, and substance use disorder, which can improve components of mental health by participating in structured group exercise. Limited number of studies on proper intensity and dose of exercise towards the improvement of mental health for the different population group and underlying psychiatric problems has cause difficulties for medical practitioner to come out with clear guidance to the patient. Physician, physiotherapist, professional physical trainers, and health educator should be consulted for better support and advice towards implementing exercise as treatment intervention. It is clear from this study that, exercise works as adjunct therapy for identified psychological problems and high intensity exercise work for substance abuser and depression patient. The best effect of exercise is that it conducted in group and being supervised. Pati ent with anxiety does responds to high intensity exercise but the effect is not much different compare to low intensity exercise. Current guidelines for lifestyle activity and exercise appear do not really work for the justified mental disorders. Therefore, accumulating 40-60 minutes of proper physical activity on most or all days of the week is a good guideline. This should be continued for minimum of 8 weeks for a better mental status outcome. Cessation of smoking will further ensure better health benefit. For physician, health educator, physiotherapist and professional physical trainers Regular exercise is known for its physical, mental, and social benefits. It is a multidimensional approach that requires physician, health educator, physiotherapist and professional physical trainers to ensure patients to become and staying active for its physical and psychological benefit. Proper information guidelines to patients are essential in the long run. Health practitioners should also be equipped with this latest information and as well emphasize on the safety of intervention to avoid negative effect of exercise especially muscle injury if not properly done. Side effect of medication and structural barrier for intervention (socio economic status, infrastructure) as well as underlying medical condition should also be considered before recommend this intervention to the patients. In others word, exercise intervention is personalized to suit individual situation. For policy Structural barrier may limit patient participation into exercise intervention in mental disorder treatment. It is shown from the studies that patients with mental health have better chance to improve their morbidity when adhere into exercise intervention as adjunct treatment for their underlying psychological problems. Proper guidelines for health practitioners and patients are required for better communication to deliver the information for both. Multidisciplinary approach should be emphasized in this practices which could profound positive impact on patients health and wellbeing. More time is required to deliver and explained this message to patient as the program is personalized to fit individual underlying social and physical wellbeing. Policymakers should consider the implementation of this multidisciplinary programmes approach within their respective treatment facilities. They should also consider to provide better exercise facilities in the community thus as well promotes gree n environment and the establishment of well structured community exercise group program for a long term benefit. There is chances that continuous exercise program could be used as prevention of acquired mental health problems due to life-style changes. More evidence on this is required and with such evidence support, cost benefit or cost effective analysis of preventive exercise intervention in mental health could be established. In long-standing, this could be helpful in reducing pharmaceutical cost for mental health in a country. Implication for research General There are various established measurement used in reporting mental health outcome thus cause difficulties to compare the study results. It is recommended that in research practice for mental health outcome, the measurement should be standardized. Specific It is important in future for us to have a clear define duration, frequency and intensity of exercise program for each mental health disorder; considering the underlying medical and physiological wellbeing of individual. Study on the changes of fitness level due to the intervention is progressively in practices, and in any future research it should be reported in the record. Mental health is a complex discipline where there is no clear cut point of disease and always presented with a comorbid condition of either other mental disorder or chronic diseases. This should as well to be considered in future research especially in intervention study. It is also a challenge in the research of this area to ensure the finding is free from cofounding effect of biological and social diversity in the complex global society. In the end, with the establishment of complete study in mental health area could contributes a better theoretical background to explain the mechanism of this diversification. T his will help as well towards low cost of treatment in mental health disorder in the future. REFERENCES 1. World Health Organization (2005). Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice. Geneva: WHO Press. 2. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care 2000, Promotion, Prevention and Early Intervention for Mental Health: A Monograph. Canberra: Mental Health and Special Programs Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. 3. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2007). National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results. Canberra: ABS. 4. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2006). Australias Health 2006. AIHW. Canberra: AIHW. 5. Australian Bureau of Statistic (2008). National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results. Canberra: ABS. 6. Jerome G.J, Young D.R, Dalcin A et.al (2009). Physical Activity Levels of Persons with Mental Illness Attending Psychiatric Rehabilitation Programs. Schizophrenia Research. 2009; 108; 252-257 7. Tart C.D, Leyro T.M, Ritcher A, Zvolensky M.J, Rosenfield D, Smith J.A.J (2010). Negative Affect as a Mediator of the Relationship between Vigorous-Intensity, Exercise and Smoking. Addictive Behaviors. 2010 (35); 580-585 8. Mackay G.J, Neill J.T (2010). The Effect of Green Exercise On State Anxiety and The Role of Exercise Duration, Intensity, and Greenness: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2010; 11; 238-245 9. Perrino T, Mason C.A, Brown S.C, Szapocznik J (2009). The Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms And Walking Among Hispanic Older Adults: A Longitudinal,Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis. Aging Mental Health, 14: 2, 211 219 10. Doyne, E. J., Ossip-Klein, D. J., Bowman, E. D., Osborn, K. M., McDougall-Wilson, I. B., Neimayer, R. A. (1987). Running Versus Weight

Living in Belgium :: Personal Narrative Essays

Living in Belgium Question Answered: Recall a multicultural experience that has positively impacted your educational career. Discuss your experience and describe the ways in which you have benefited from this experience. My friend Owen and I used to play a game to take up time when we walked down the chaussee in downtown Waterloo, Belgium. We would try to identify the origins of people who walked by us. If someone bustled past us, practically knocking us down, while smoking a cigarette and wearing tight pants, they were Belgian. If they sported a windsuit and brand-new white sneakers we'd mutter "American", as they passed by toting their map. We had more trouble telling Swedish and Finnish people apart, but we were pretty good at that too. I recalled this a few days ago and it amazed me how much I have changed in the last year. In the summer before tenth grade, I moved to Belgium for eighteen months. During the time I stayed there, I adapted to the 'Belgian' way of life - speaking (rudimentary) French, sampling escargot and endives, and learning my way around the complicated maze that they call streets. However, I am such a typical 'American' now that sometimes I feel like I never even left the States. Instead of spending my Friday nights playing snooker in a smoky cafŽ in Waterloo, I might go to Applebee's and a football game with my friends. It seems so strange that my life could change so much in such a short time. I find myself missing little things that I took for granted while living overseas - fresh bread, dogs sitting with their owners in restaurants, and passing international landmarks on the way to school. It's not to say that I don't like my new way of life, but just recently I have realized how much I have changed. When I lived in Belgium, I would dread another trip with visitors of the family to the Grand Place. Now, I would love to see the Mannequin de Pis in downtown Brussels. I don't know when this transformation took place because I didn't even realize that it was happening. The funny thing was that while I lived in Belgium, my friends and I would always lament on how much we craved Reese's, Butterfingers, marshmallows and real peanut butter. We would talk about how much we missed our friends, malls, and movies without subtitles.

Different Views in Courtship and Marriage Essay

Outline: Thesis: Compared to my grandparents desired courtship and marriage, my preferred matrimony differs from their expectation in terms of the way to find a spouse, the form of holding a wedding, and the role to play in a family. Topic Sentences: In the first place, when it comes to the ideal way to find a spouse, there is nothing similarly between my grandparents and me. Furthermore, when it makes a mention of the favorite form of holding a wedding, there is almost no alike idea between my grandparents and me. At last, when it points to the appropriate role to play in a family, there are a few standpoints in common between my grandparents and me. Different Views in Courtship and Marriage It is an undeniable fact that traditional culture has influence on courtship and marriage in a country, but the key points of courtship and marriage vary in the different stage of social development. Nowadays, people’s perspective on courtship and marriage has changed with the improvement of life quality in China. Comparing to my grandparents desired courtship and marriage, my preferred matrimony differs from their expectation in terms of the process to find a spouse, the way to hold a wedding, and the role to play in a family. In the first place, when it comes to the ideal way to find a spouse, there is nothing similarly between my grandparents and I. In my grandparents’ opinion, the introduction of matchmaker is the most acceptant way to find a partner, but I prefer to seek mate through myself. It is an undeniable fact that the spouse introduced by a go-between would have more similarities with us in the respect of family background. The importance of family background could be shown in the aspect of building a person’s personality. After all, a good family background is beneficial to build sound personality. Nevertheless, the parties feeling to spouse is usually neglected correspondingly when the matchmaker help applicants to search for a partner among the candidates. It is hard to feel happy for most people in a marriage without love, and then we would lose patience and confidence to this kind of marriage. Seeking the partner by ourselves will  resolve the feeling problem effectively, and the advantage of deciding the spouse obey our mind is also represented in the following sides. For instance, it is easy to forgive each other after an argument because we value the relationship and do not willing to give it up lightly, and it is also not complicated to take care of the other one in the right way due to the fact that we are familiar with his habits. However, the disadvantages of making the decision by our mind should be brought to our attention as well. For example, there are a great many examples stating the fact that the amorous couple often gives too little care to the partner’s weakness. This behavior always leads to the occurrence of Lightning marriage, and lightning marriage often results in a tragic ending due to lack of family commitments. Furthermore, when it makes a mention of the favorite form of holding a wedding, there is almost no alike idea between my grandparents and I. In my grandparents’ eyes, complying with the traditional wedding form is the best way to hold a wedding. But in my view, I really desire to have a wedding of my dreams. In other words, I would be the designer of my wedding form. The benefits of traditional wedding form are all wedding participants understand their work and people could pay more attention to the wedding arrangements. However, most people have a boring and outdated feeling when they talk about the traditional wedding form at present. The drawbacks of the traditional wedding are enlarged in the mind of our generation, because we can easily find that not only it difficult to leave a special impression, but also with som e feudal colors, and feudal colors could not coexist with our values to advocate science. Holding the wedding in the form of my dream will full conform to the standard in my mind, and let me comprehend the meaning of my marriage at a deeper level. Of course, I have to admit that the wedding form in the field of my expectation still has drawbacks. For example, I want a wedding at the beach with a simple way, but a comfortable atmosphere. This wedding form determines the main participants are composed of the most important person in my life instead of the friends of my grandparents or parents. Consequently, it loses the opportunity to become a public ceremony, and my families will feel disregardful and regretful. This hurt would be in the wake of their life, and it has negative influence on the relationship between my families and I. At last, when it points to the appropriate role to play in a family, there are a few standpoints in common between my  grandparents and I. In the perspective of my grandparents, the woman should be a fulltime wife in a family, and the man should be responsible for make money to raise a family. Nevertheless, from my point of view, men and women have equal status in marriage. It means men and women play the same role in a family. The merit of my grandparents’ perspective is evident that children will grow up in the environment which is full of love. Nevertheless, this allocation of roles in a family goes against to women’s individual value. The merit of my point of view is women could achieve her goal by pursuing career achievements. However, the weakness of my point of view is that women have to undergo extra pressure from the society competition and then they are in fear of getting married. All in all, different perspectives and attitudes in terms of courtship and marriage have positive sides as well as negative sides, it would be much better if we consider all of them before making a choice. Your first draft Grade is D- Read the instruction carefully, and rewrite your essay. Submit your final draft by Oct. 5 11:59PM